Kugadzirira uye kushandiswa kweglacial acetic acid

Kugadzirira uye kushandiswa kweglacial acetic acid

Acetic acid, anonziwoacetic acid, glacial acetic acid, makemikari formulaCH3COOH, is organic monic acid uye short-chain saturated fatty acid, inova ndiyo inobva asidhi uye hwema hunonhuwa muvhiniga. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairika, inonzi "acetic acid", asi yakachena uye inenge anhydrous acetic acid (pasi pe1% yehuwandu hwemvura) inonzi "glacial acetic acid", inova isina ruvara hygroscopic yakasimba ine chando chinopisa che16 kusvika 17° C (62° F), uye mushure mekusimba, haina ruvara rwekristaro. Kunyange zvazvo acetic acid iri asidhi isina simba, inoparadza, hutsi hwayo hunogumbura maziso nemhino, uye inonhuwa uye inovava.

nhoroondo

Kudiwa kwegore negore kwepasi rose kweacetic acid anenge mamiriyoni 6.5 matani. Pane izvi, matani anosvika miriyoni imwe nemazana mashanu anodzokororwa uye mamwe matani 5 miriyoni asara anogadzirwa zvakananga kubva kune petrochemical feedstocks kana kuburikidza nebiological fermentation.

Theglacial acetic acid mabhakitiriya anovirisa (Acetobacter) anogona kuwanikwa mumakona ese epasi, uye nyika yega yega inowana vhiniga painogadzira waini - ndiyo chibereko chechisikigo chezvinwiwa izvi zvinodhaka zviri pachena kumhepo. Somuenzaniso, kuChina, kune chirevo chokuti mwanakomana waDu Kang, Black Tower, akawana vhiniga nokuti akagadzira waini kwenguva refu.

Kushandiswa kweglacial acetic acidmukemisitiri inodzokera kumashure ekare. Muzana ramakore rechitatu BC, muzivi wechiGreek Theophrastus akatsanangura zvakadzama kuti acetic acid inobata sei nesimbi kugadzira pigment inoshandiswa muunyanzvi, kusanganisira chena lead (lead carbonate) uye patina (musanganiswa wemunyu wemhangura unosanganisira acetate yemhangura). VaRoma vekare vaibika waini inovava mumidziyo yomutobvu kuti ibudise muto unotapira wainzi sapa. sapa yaive yakapfuma mushuga yemutobvu inonhuhwirira, lead acetate, iyo yakakonzera chepfu yemutobvu pakati pevakuru veRoma. Muzana ramakore rechisere, nyanzvi yokuPezhiya yealchemist Jaber akaisa acetic acid muvhiniga nekuita distillation.

Muna 1847, musayendisiti wekuGermany Adolf Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe akagadzira acetic acid kubva kune inorganic raw materials kekutanga. Maitiro ekuita uku ndiyo yekutanga kabhoni disulfide kuburikidza neklorini mu kabhoni tetrachloride, inoteverwa nepamusoro-tembiricha decomposition ye tetrachlorethylene mushure me hydrolysis, uye chlorination, nokudaro ichigadzira trichloroacetic acid, danho rekupedzisira nekuderedzwa kwe electrolytic kugadzira acetic acid.

Muna 1910, vazhinji veglacial acetic acid yaitorwa kubva mutara yemarasha kubva pahuni dzine tsinga. Kutanga, tara yemarasha inobatwa ne calcium hydroxide, uye ipapo iyo yakagadzirwa calcium acetate inogadziriswa ne sulfuric acid kuti iwane acetic acid mairi. Anenge zviuru gumi zvematani eglacial acetic acid akagadzirwa muGermany panguva iyi, 30% yacho yakashandiswa kugadzira dhayi yeindigo.

kugadzirira

Glacial acetic acid inogona kugadzirwa neyakagadzirwa synthesis uye kuviriswa kwebhakitiriya. Nhasi, biosynthesis, kushandiswa kwebhakitiriya kuvirisa, inotora 10% chete yenyika yose yekugadzirwa, asi ichiri nzira inonyanya kukosha yekugadzira vhiniga, nokuti mitemo yekuchengetedzwa kwezvokudya munyika dzakawanda inoda kuti vhiniga muzvokudya zvigadziriswe biologically. 75% yeacetic acid yekushandiswa kwemaindasitiri inogadzirwa necarbonylation ye methanol. Zvikamu zvisina basa zvinogadzirwa nedzimwe nzira.

use

Glacial acetic acid iri nyore carboxylic acid, ine rimwe boka remethyl uye rimwe carboxylic boka, uye yakakosha kemikari reagent. Muindasitiri yemakemikari, inoshandiswa kugadzira polyethylene terephthalate, chikamu chikuru chezvinwiwa mabhodhoro.Glacial acetic acid inoshandiswawo kugadzira cellulose acetate yefirimu uye polyvinyl acetate yematanda anonamira, pamwe neakawanda mafivha ekugadzira uye machira. Mumba, dilute solution ye glacial acetic acidinowanzoshandiswa sechinhu chinoderedza. Muindasitiri yezvikafu, acetic acid inotsanangurwa senge acidity regulator mune yezvekuwedzera chikafu runyorwa E260.

Glacial acetic acidndiyo yakakosha kemikari reagent inoshandiswa mukugadzira akawanda makomboni. Kushandiswa kumwe chete kwe acetic acid ndiko kugadzirira kwevinyl acetate monomer, inoteverwa nekugadzirwa kweacetic anhydride uye mamwe esters. Theacetic acid muvhiniga inongova chikamu chiduku chezvoseglacial acetic acid.

Diluted acetic acid solution inowanzoshandiswa sechinhu chinobvisa ngura nekuda kwehunyoro hwayo. Asidhi yaro inoshandiswawo kurapa kuruma kunokonzerwa neCubomedusae uye, kana ikashandiswa nekufamba kwenguva, inogona kudzivirira kukuvara kwakakomba kana kufa nekuremadza masero anoruma ejellyfish. Inogonawo kushandiswa kugadzirira kurapwa kwe otitis externa neVosol.Acetic acid inoshandiswawo semushonga unodzivirira kuvharidzira kukura kwebhakitiriya nefungi.